JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1997. Commission implementing Regulation (EC) No 1035/2013 of 24 October 2013 approving benzoic acid as an existing active substance for use in biocidal products for products – types 2 and 4. The studies performed by Chang and Ku 39), Gardner and Lawrence 40) and McNeal et al. BfR Expert Opinion No 013/2006, 1 December 2005. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 1974b. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.660. This was a brief on benzoic acid application. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Benzoic acid and its salts are primarily used as food preservatives in acidified foodstuffs and beverages such as fruit juice, soft drinks and carbonated drinks. Benzyl derivatives. Held in Brussels on 20 July 2007. This unpublished study showed a LD50 for males of 2,742 mg benzoic acid/kg body weight and for females of 2,565 mg benzoic acid/kg body weight. It is a crystalline organic compound. Volume 100F. Pubchem20125 35. Steinbrenner N, Löbell-Behrends S, Reusch H, Kuballa T and Lachenmeier DW, 2010. Benzoate is conjugated to glycine to form hippuric acid which is excreted in the urine. Benzoic acid is authorized as technological feed additive (acidity regulator) for pigs for fattening (10,000 mg/kg), as zootechnical additive for weaned piglets (5,000 mg/kg) and pigs for fattening (10,000 mg/kg) and as a chemically defined flavoring (125 mg/kg) 21). CEC, Luxembourg, 1996, 33-39. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Thirty-Fifth Series. 2009;20:414–418. In a typical modern process, the oxidation is conducted at 165 °C and 0.9 MPa. August 2011. Held in Brussels on 14 December 2007. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2318. Food Control. SCCP/0891/05. Consequently, the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of this salt will be similar to that of the sodium or potassium salts, despite differences in water solubility. A four-generation reproductive toxicity study with benzoic acid in the diet in rats was considered by the Panel as the pivotal study and a no observed adverse effect level of 500 mg benzoic acid/kg body weight per day, the highest dose tested, was identified. Non-food applications for benzoic acid's antibacterial function are found in cosmetics. The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that benzoic acid and its salts may enhance hypersensitivity and/or cause skin reactions in sensitive people. The European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that the use of benzoic acid and its sodium and potassium salts as food additives did not raise a concern with respect to genotoxicity. The body is aided by salicylic acid to shed rough or dead skin cells. Recently, many studies showed that it could improve the growth and health, which should, at least partially, be derived from the promotion of gut functions, including digestion, absorption, and barrier. McNeal TP, Nyman PJ, Diachenko GW and Hollifield HC, 1993. In 1974, JECFA 6) established a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0–5 mg/kg body weight for benzoic acid and its salts, expressed as benzoic acid, which was reconfirmed at its most recent evaluation in 1996 7). The purity of toluene is critical because sulphur compounds, nitrogen compounds, phenols and olefins inhibit the oxidation reaction. In industrial environments, benzoic acid is most widely used to produce a wide range of products such as perfumes, dyes, topical drugs and insect repellents. Benzoic acid is a compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent. US Patent 3867439 A. EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources), 2011. Benzoic acid is generally recognized as safe; however, adverse effects related to allergic reactions, such as asthma, urticaria, asthma, rhinitis, anaphylactic shock, metabolic acidosis, and convulsions, have been reported in sensitive individuals following oral, dermal, or inhalation exposure to benzoic acid 10), 11). In its 1996 evaluation, JECFA 36) presented the results of acute oral toxicity studies in rats, rabbits and dogs, showing LD50 (lethal dose 50, where 50% of test subjects die) values for benzoic acid or sodium benzoate ranging from 2,000 to 2,700 mg/kg body weight. Required fields are marked *. Summary record of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health. Benzol in Lebensmitteln – Ein Überblick. The European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of calcium benzoate will be similar to sodium or potassium salt and, therefore, read-across between the salts was possible. Overall, given supporting evidence of lack of carcinogenicity of the related substances benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate and benzaldehyde as described by JECFA, the European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that the data are sufficient to conclude that benzoic acid and its salts did not raise concern with respect to carcinogenicity. Benzoic acid is a commonly used food preservative appropriate for acidic foods in the form of sodium benzoate. This unpublished study showed a LD50 of 2,250 (1,875–2,700) mg benzoic acid/kg body weight. To help absorb excess oil (sebum) that can lead to acne breakouts, sulphur helps dry out the surface of your skin. 2-benzoyl-benzoic Acid 13. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2008. Chang P and Ku K, 1993. Benzoicum Acidum (Benzoic Acid) is very useful in treating urine symptoms like very smelly urine, discharge of white liquid with urine, alteration in urine color, frequent urination due to diabetes mellitus and other urine related symptoms. Expressed on 24 February 1994. Survey of benzene in foods by using headspace concentration techniques and capillary gas chromatography. For children and adolescents, the main contributing food categories were confectionary, flavored drinks and processed fish and fishery products; while, for adults and the elderly, the main contributing food categories were processed fruit and vegetables and sauces. Opinion on benzoic acid and its salts. The name was derived from gum benzoin. Its salts are used as a food preservative and it is an important precursor for the synthesis of many other organic substances. 0.2 MPa with a cobalt naphthenate catalyst (0.1%). In the brand-loyal scenario, benzoic acid exposures were from flavored fermented milk products and sauces for infants, flavored fermented milk products, processed fish and fishery products and flavored drinks; for children, adolescents, adults and the elderly, they were flavored drinks, sauces and processed fish and fishery products. Benzoic Acid is used for Fungal infections of skin and other conditions. The addition of benzoic acid to yogurt is not allowed, and the amount of benzoic acid in yogurt should not exceed 50 mg/kg 19). Benzoic acid have previously been evaluated by the EU Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) in 1994 3) and 2002 4). Compound Benzoic Acid Ointment is used for fungal infections of skin, skin fungal infections, lice and scabies infestations and other conditions. EFSA Journal 2011;10(12):2994, 140 pp. SCCP (Scientific Committee on Consumer Products), 2005. WHO (World Health Organization), 2011. The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted the absence of any indication of genotoxicity of benzoic acid and its salts in vivo, together with the negative results of limited carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice. In Germany, the concentrations of benzene measured in non-alcoholic beverages were below the EU drinking water limit of 1 μg/L while higher concentrations were found in previous years 46). Used in toothpaste, jam, beverages, poultry, agriculture, perfume, dye etc. The issue was considered in the meetings of the Standing Committee of the Food Chain and Animal Health in July and December 2007 43), 44). EC (European Commission), 2007a. It is white and belongs to the family of carboxylic acid. Benzoic acid is purified by rectification. To remove phthalic acid, whose presence is not allowed for food uses, treatment with amines and rinsing is required. Fragen und Antworten zu Benzol in Erfrischungsgetränken und Karottensäften. Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid and its salts, and Benzyl Benzoate are used in a wide variety of cosmetics and personal care products, including baby products, bath products, soaps and detergents, eye makeup, blushers, cleansing products, make up products, as well as hair, nail and skin care products. McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous L, Prince E, Sonuga-Barke E, Warner JO and Stevenson J, 2007. Therefore, the European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that when benzoic acid or its salts and ascorbic acid are used together, consideration should be given to the storage of soft drinks and food contact materials to minimize the formation of benzene in beverages. google_ad_client: "ca-pub-9759235379140764", O-benzoyl-benzoic Acid 32. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.07.013. In the non-brand-loyal exposure scenario, the ADI was exceeded only for toddlers and children at the high level; at the mean level, there was no exceedance. Therefore, the European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that combining ascorbic acid with benzoic acid in soft drinks could lead to the formation of benzene from benzoic acid. Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit [Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety], 5, 443–452. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 41, 693–695. To help unclog the pores, it even dries off dead skin cells. The body is aided by salicylic acid to shed rough or dead skin cells. The pressure of the liquid discharged from the reactor is reduced to atmospheric, and unreacted toluene is recovered. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 2001. Report 1. Your email address will not be published. It has been used with salicylic acid as a topical antifungal agent and in the treatment of athletes foot and ringworm 2 . Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0. Paint additives and coating additives Benzoic acid, a white, crystalline organic compound belonging to the family of carboxylic acids, widely used as a food preservative and in the manufacture of various cosmetics, dyes, plastics, and … Sorbic and benzoic acid in non-preservative-added food products in Turkey. Considering the present toxicological database the European Food Safety Authority Panel identified a NOAEL of 500 mg/kg body weight per day and applying an uncertainty factor of 100, the European Food Safety Authority Panel derived a group ADI of 5 mg/kg body weight per day, expressed as benzoic acid, for benzoic acid (E 210), sodium benzoate (E 211), potassium benzoate (E 212) and calcium benzoate (E 213). The Panel concluded that from the use of benzoic acid-benzoates as food additives from direct addition to food, the group ADI was exceeded in the brand-loyal scenario for toddlers and children consuming on a regular basis flavored drinks. The notion that benzoic acid is unlikely to be carcinogenic is backed by evidence on its precursors. It is also present in baby products, skin products, cleansing products, hair and nail products, soaps, bath products, detergents etc. Studies on benzene formation in beverages. Benzoic acid is non-toxic and stable under ordinary conditions. Impact on health when sugar is replaced with intense sweeteners in soft drinks, “saft” and nectar. It is therefore reasonable to assume that studies on any of these substances provide valid information for the assessment of the toxicity of benzoic acid and its salts 34), 35). Ortho-benzoylbenzoic Acid 14. 2005;43:329–334. Qi P., Hong H., Liang X., Liu D. Assessment of benzoic acid levels in milk in China. The European Food Safety Authority Panel on Food Additives, Flavorings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials concluded that the study provides limited evidence that the two different mixtures of synthetic colours and sodium benzoate tested had a small and statistically significant effect on activity and attention in some children selected from the general population, although the effects were not observed for all children in all age groups and were not consistent for the two mixtures. Small amounts of phthalic acid can also be present. Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 4 (FGE.20Rev4): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldeydes, a related acetal, benzoic acid, and related esters from chemical group 23 and 30. This compound is also used in the manufacture of dyes and in insect repellants. It is used in the treatment of skin irritation caused by insect bites, burns etc. Food Technol. Peroxides are reaction intermediates. According to Maki and Takeda 13), benzoic acid is produced, worldwide, by liquid-phase oxidation of toluene with molecular oxygen. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({ EC (European Commission), 2007b. Benzoic acid's most common uses are in carbonated beverages, pickles, sauces, and jelly. It is excreted as hippuric acid after conjugation with glycine in the liver. In a developmental toxicity study in rats with benzoic acid by gavage, a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 160 mg benzoic acid/kg body per day was observed for maternal and developmental toxicity The developmental toxicity studies in rats with sodium benzoate in the diet showed a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 500 mg/kg body weight per day comparable to the NOAEL of the dietary four-generation reproductive toxicity in rats with benzoic acid. Example – salad dressings, soft drinks, fruit juices and pickles. Information on the stability of the salts of the benzoic acid in food is very limited, but the benzoate anion is chemically stable, and degradation in food or reactions with food components are not anticipated, with the exception of the reaction with ascorbic acid under certain conditions (see benzoic acid hazards below). From the regulatory benzoic acid maximum level exposure assessment scenario, the main contributing food categories to the total mean exposure estimates for infants and toddlers were flavored fermented milk products. Originally the oxidation reaction was carried out at 140 °C and ca. Reaction by-products include benzaldehyde, acetic acid, formic acid and benzyl alcohol. For food and pharmaceutical uses, benzoic acid is upgraded by further processing. The results of the available short-term and subchronic studies on benzoic acid and sodium benzoate indicated that the toxicity of benzoic acid and its salts is low with no marked target organ toxicity. EFSA Journal 2011;9(7):2318, 73 pp. 909 73-84. Emerald’s Purox benzoates are produced to the highest purity available, minimum 99.9%, which ensures excellent taste and odor profiles. The Scientific Committee on Food established a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0–5 mg/kg body weight per day for benzoic acid and its salts, also including benzyl alcohol and related benzyl derivatives used as flavorings 5). Benzoic acid and a wide range of derivatives and related benzenic compounds, such as salts, alkyl esters, parabens, benzyl Benzoic Acid is a colorless crystalline solid with the chemical formula C 7 H 6 O 2. BfR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung [Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]), 2013. This study showed no effect on growth, fertility, lactation or survival, and provided a NOAEL, for both the parental animals and the offspring, of 500 mg benzoic acid/kg body weight per day, the highest dose tested. To assess the dietary exposure to benzoic acid-benzoates (E 210–213) from their use as a food additive, the exposure was calculated based on (1) maximum permitted levels set out in the EU legislation (defined as the regulatory maximum level exposure assessment scenario) and (2) the reported use levels and analytical data (defined as the refined exposure assessment scenario). Dietary exposure through this latter scenario was assessed using two sets of concentration data: reported use levels and analytical data not exceeding the maximum permitted levels for food categories for which direct addition of benzoic acid-benzoates is authorized; and reported use levels and analytical data not exceeding the maximum permitted levels for food categories for which direct addition of benzoic acid-benzoates is authorized and analytical data for food categories which may contain benzoic acid benzoates due to carry-over and for which data were available. BfR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung [Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]), 2005. WHO Technical Report Series, 868, 41-43. Benzoic acid is generally recognised as safe. It helps in the prevention of bacterial infection. Biphenyl and methyl biphenyls are formed in smaller amounts. In 2006, the European Commission and Member States had become aware of the potential formation of benzene under certain conditions in soft drinks from the reaction of benzoic acid and other ingredients. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 2002. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Benzoic acid. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. The drug used to treat skin irritation and inflammation caused by burns, insect bites, fungal infections, or eczema is benzoic acid and topical salicylic acid (for the skin). Your email address will not be published. Studies on benzene formation in beverages. The bottom residue is extracted to recover the cobalt catalyst. 0-benzoyl Benzoic Acid 33. Benzoic acid uses in different forms are: Food with naturally occurring benzoic acid – ripe cloves, most berries and cinnamon. Acmc Benzoic Acid has vast applications in varieties of industry uses: Food and beverage additive, preservatives Intermediates for synthesis of other chemicals like Phenol, Benzene etc.. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), 2012. As a kind of antibacterial and antifungal preservative, benzoic acid is widely used in foods and feeds. Benzoic acid uses Benzoic acid is an extensively used food preservative. World Health Organization. avoid contact with eyes and other mucous membranes keep away from children do not take by mouth. Learn more about Para-aminobenzoic Acid (paba) uses, benefits, side effects, interactions, safety concerns, and It is commonly used as PH adjuster and also controls the growth of microbes as a preservative. The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted however that the majority of available studies were conducted many years ago, and were not in accordance with current test guidelines. These items range from topical medications and insect sprays to perfumes and dyes. A review of human carcinogens. Proposal for harmonised classification and labelling. Based on read-across, the European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that this conclusion is also applicable for calcium benzoate 22). Cranberries contain as much as 300-1300 mg free benzoic acid per kg fruit 1). Benzoic acid is included in the European Union list of flavorings. Fourth Edition. This formalin is used as a disinfectant in industries, preservative in some food products, funeral home etc. Benzoic acid as a biocide (a chemical substance that destroys any harmful organism) was evaluated by Germany 27) and is permitted for this use according to EU Commission Implementing Regulation 1035/2013 28). BAuA (Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), 2011. http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001870, Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of benzoic acid (E 210), sodium benzoate (E 211), potassium benzoate (E 212) and calcium benzoate (E 213) as food additives. SANCO – D1(2007)D/412774. Final. Benzoic acid is an aromatic carboxylic acid, a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. Unii-1n20y812xw 31. Benzoic Acid E210 is used to preserve acidic food and beverage in fruit juice, sparkling drinks, soft drinks, and pickles. Crude benzoic acid is recovered by distillation’ and ‘for sodium benzoate production sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is added to benzoic acid’. While occupational exposure limits have not been established, benzoic acid may still pose a health risk and, therefore, the safe work practices should always be followed: 1. }); Benzoic acid hazards – formation of benzene from benzoic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid, Benzoic acid. Benzoic acid has a long history of use as an antifungal agent in topical therapeutic preparations such as Whitfield’s ointment (benzoic acid 6% and salicylic acid 3%) 2. Other esters, including benzyl formate and benzyl acetate, are also present. Benzoic acid is often conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. Hills DJ, 1975. Benzoic acid itself has low toxicity, but there has been concern because of a potential reaction that converts it to benzene. The earliest mention of benzoic acid appears from the 16th century. The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that the available carcinogenicity studies on benzoic acid and its salts did not indicate any carcinogenic potential, although they were not conducted in accordance with current test guidelines and had deficiencies both in terms of design and reporting. Benzoic acid is a byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism in bacteria. WHO Food Additives Series, 48. Benzoic acid is an extensively used food preservative. WHO Food Additives Series, 5. WHO, Geneva. Benzoic acid and its sodium and potassium salts are rapidly absorbed after oral administration. Benzoic acid and salicylic acid topical (for the skin) is a combination medicine used to treat skin irritation and inflammation caused by burns, insect bites, fungal infections, or eczema. Benzoic acid helps prevent bacteria from developing infections. Considering additional exposure from food categories which may contain benzoic acid-benzoates due to carry-over and for which data were available, in the refined brand-loyal exposure scenario, the ADI was exceeded at the high level for all population groups and for infants, toddlers, children and adolescent at the mean. Benzoic acid and salicylic acid may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide. 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Also produced when gut bacteria process polyphenols ( from ingested fruits or beverages.... Reactor is reduced to atmospheric, and face wash creams is C 6 5. Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit [ Journal of Food are controlled by legislation production from decarboxylation of benzoic 's! Benches, culture vessels, knives, gardening equipment ) was carried out 140... Pj, Diachenko GW and Hollifield HC, 1993 A. efsa ANS Panel ( efsa Panel on Food ) 2002... – salad dressings, soft drinks, and face wash creams is C H... Acid – ripe cloves, most berries and cinnamon sccp ( Scientific Committee on Food Additives ) 2008! Programme on chemical Safety ( IPCS ): benzoic acid Ointment is as! Dye etc 10 ( 12 ) that their toxicity is low non-preservative-added Products! Skin reactions caused by benzoic acid in albino rats was available to you, such as resorcinol Drug Analysis 1...