��fQn� ��������M��ᐅ���X�Ex Onagawa town, Miyagi prefecture (10 014 population before the earthquake), is one of the towns devastated by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami. Throughout the case study in Sendai city, the proposed reconstruction plan was evaluated from the tsunami engineering point of view to discuss how the post 2011 paradigm was implemented in coastal communities for future disaster mitigation. Opinion. The other measures secure multiple protection. All that remains of the lighthouse is the foundation and part of the concrete seawall. On 6 October 2011, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology published a report of student fatalities and injuries: in total, 635 children, students and teachers were killed by the tsunami, and 221 were injured. Even in Onagawa town, 28 people were saved inside the boiler room of a five-storey RC building which was totally submerged by the tsunami inundation flow. It’s easy to think that since you can’t predict when or where an earthquake will occur, or what damage will result, you can’t do much to prepare for one. The maximum run-up height was 29 m at Ryori Shirahama. In addition, in Sanriku coastal communities, people were taught the lesson or maxim of ‘Tsunami Tendenko’, which means that people should run without taking care of others, even family members [16]. In the early morning on 3 March 1933, another major tsunami struck the Sanriku Coast. A violent, magnitude 9-point-zero earthquake on March 11, 2011. A new paradigm of coastal structural design has caused significant arguments in some Sanriku coastal communities. The powerful earthquake that unleashed a devastating tsunami Friday appears to have moved the main island of Japan by 8 feet (2.4 meters) and shifted the Earth on its axis. On the other hand, a hazard map can function to assure residents living outside of the expected inundation zone that their area is not at risk. In April 2011, one month after the event occurred, the central government established the Reconstruction Policy Council to develop a national recovery and reconstruction outlook for tsunami-resilient communities [43,44]. In addition to the 1896 Meiji and the 1933 Sanriku tsunamis which killed 22 000 and 3000 people, respectively, the experiences of the 1959 Ise-wan super typhoon (Vera) and the 1960 Chilean earthquake tsunami strongly motivated Japan to develop coastal protection infrastructures of seawalls and breakwaters. Concrete seawalls and coastal dykes were covered with concrete at the front, top and back. The earthquake itself, although much bigger than usually seen in Japan, was prepared for extensively as they receive many earthquakes every year. For disaster-affected areas, the central government has amended policies of coastal protection from the viewpoint of reducing risks and enhancing disaster resilience, and local governments have completed drafting reconstruction plans including infrastructure design, transportation, land-use management, urban design, relocation, economic and industrial outlooks. >�=wL[���j��Y-� 2 .��i��.&@-+s��8靐�t�y�)�ؼ��$5�T�lc�J�l�!��8%a[`Ӝ� 1�d�h�� � @Q J `>���”�M�H��0�+{�|��3"�9�fe��Y#s��ׯ��̵a��51b|#u Vlž@����ؖ����g�0 ��Y+ A significant feature of Sendai city's reconstruction plan is integrating several coastal protection facilities, such as seawalls, coastal forests, park (artificial hill) and elevated roads to minimize the potential losses. The seafloor moved and a small tsunami was generated, largely because this was a much smaller earthquake than 2011, about 40 times smaller, and it released about 250 times less energy. Japan's tsunami countermeasures after the 1960 tsunami consisted mainly of the construction of seawalls and coastal dykes, based on the tsunami height in the 1960 event, 3–6 m at most. One reason for the striking difference in the number of fatalities was the level of preparedness. Based on this new reconstruction plan in the tsunami-affected area, Sendai city has formulated its tsunami evacuation plan [50] to protect lives. This problem is not yet solved. Nevertheless, the tsunami disaster countermeasures were insufficient against the 2011 event. Tsunami fragility curves for structural destruction (washed-away structures) [39]. The highest tsunami run-up height was 38 m at Ryori Shirahama in Iwate prefecture. Aftershocks continued, many exceeding magnitude-7.0. The analysis revealed that Sendai city's multiple protection measures for Level 2 tsunami will contribute to a substantial reduction of the tsunami inundation zone and potential losses, combined with an effective tsunami evacuation plan. What was not adequately prepared for was a tsunami of such scale. On 11 March, 2011 a devastating tsunami triggered by a Mw 9.0 earthquake struck the northern Pacific coast of Japan, and completely destroyed many coastal communities, particularly in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures. 6. For such cases, JMA has introduced methods to quickly highlight the possibility of underestimation in magnitude estimation and issues an initial tsunami warning based on the largest seismic fault expected in the area where the earthquake was triggered [21]. Japan should use what it already knows and learn from its experiences in order to prepare more effectively in case of a future natural disaster. For instance, in the city of Rikuzentakata, 70 000 pine trees were on a 200 m wide, 1.7 km long beautiful sand beach and were totally destroyed except for one tree [33]. The event began with a powerful earthquake off the coast of Honshu, Japan’s main island, which initiated a series of large tsunami … Tsunami barriers were severely damaged, some reinforced concrete buildings were totally destroyed, and inundation maps underestimated in several areas. Thus, the residents were suddenly attacked by the tsunami. Throughout Japan’s long struggle with seismic activity, tsunamis have devastated the … Because ground shaking was strong this time, many residents were awakened and evacuated to high ground; however, the death toll reached 3000. The tsunami caused 1280 dead or missing even in this well-prepared community.Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPoint. Before the 2011 event, the general belief of a safe place to survive a tsunami attack was robust RC buildings. For that reason, Japan had already introduced a number of defences prior to 2011.   It was the fifth most powerful earthquake ever recorded, and within 30 minutes, a 133-foot high tsunami pummeled Japan's northeastern shoreline. (The Okawa elementary school building withstood the devastating tsunami inundation flow, but was totally submerged.) [41]. The quake was centred 130 kilometres to the east of the prefecture’s capital, Sendai. The network is designed to predict the height, speed, location and arrival time of any tsunami heading for the Japanese coast. Theme issue ‘Tsunamis: bridging science, engineering and society’ compiled and edited by Utku Kanoglu, Vasily Titov, Eddie Bernard and Costas Synolakis, Response to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster, Geological and historical evidence of irregular recurrent earthquakes in Japan, A short history of tsunami research and countermeasures in Japan, Extreme inundation flows during the Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki tsunami, Validation and verification of Tsunami numerical models, Insights from the 2011 great Japan earthquake, Source process of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake with the combination of teleseismic and strong motion data, Traces of tsunami preserved in inter-tidal lacustrine and marsh deposits—some examples from northeast Japan, Advances in earthquake and tsunami sciences and disaster risk reduction since the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami, Tsunami-tendenko and morality in disasters, The new tsunami warning system of the Japan Meteorological Agency, perspectives on Tsunami hazard reduction, Earthquake early warning starts nationwide in Japan, Outline of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (Mw 9.0)—tsunami warnings/advisories and observations, Nationwide post event survey and analysis of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami flow velocity measurements from survivor videos, The 2011 Japan tsunami current velocity measurements from survivor videos at Kesennuma Bay using LiDAR, Analysis of Tsunami flow velocities during the March 2011 Tohoku, Japan, The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami flow velocity estimation by the aerial video analysis and numerical modeling, The impact of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami disaster and implications to the reconstruction, Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami: performance of Tsunami countermeasures, coastal buildings, and Tsunami evacuation in Japan, Overview of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami damage and its relation to coastal protection along the Sanriku coast, Were coastal defensive structures completely broken by an unexpectedly large Tsunami? Some have probably worked well, while others appear to have failed. (b) The extent of the tsunami inundation zone with the measurement of the run-up heights at tsunami inundation limit in Sendai Coast [23].Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPoint. This 18 m tall lighthouse built on a cliff 10 m a.s.l. In … It captured the moment of tsunami attack and contains important information of how the tsunami penetrated inland and local tsunami inundation flow characteristics. The tsunami caused a massive amount of … EXPERT COMMENTARY . The Kamaishi tsunami breakwater is in the Guinness Book of World Records as the deepest tsunami breakwater at nearly 63 m deep, and was designed to protect the densely populated area in Kamaishi city located at the bottom of the bay. The act is based on the following new principles: (i) properly combine structural and non-structural measures to minimize damage; (ii) with sufficient consideration to socioeconomic conditions, coastal protection facilities should be aimed at protecting people's lives, property, industrial and economic activities, and national land against a certain scale of relatively frequent tsunamis; (iii) tsunami disaster mitigation strategies should be based on multiple protection that combines structural and non-structural measures, with consideration of regional characteristics. 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami timeline March 11, 2011: Map of the 2011 Japan earthquake epicenter off the northeast coast of the Tōhoku region of Japan’s Honshu island. Even worse, in several communities, the radio or speaker system did not work because of the blackout caused by the earthquake. School buildings should have similar construction requirements, in order to ensure children's safety. In Kesennuma Bay, Fritz et al. However, the affected area of this event was much more extensive than in those historical events. It was widely believed that Japan was one of the most prepared countries in the world for tsunami events. The tsunami run-up height reached up to 40 m in Iwate prefecture. We revisited the lessons of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami disaster specifically on the response and impact, and discussed the paradigm shift of Japan's tsunami disaster management policies and the perspectives for reconstruction. Consequently, teachers decided to head for the bridge, walking along the river. Also, the central government decided a policy of coastal protection such as seawalls and breakwaters [45], which would be designed to ensure their performance to a potential tsunami level of up to the approximately 150 year recurrence interval. Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011 - Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011 - Relief and rebuilding efforts: In the first hours after the earthquake, Japanese Prime Minister Kan Naoto moved to set up an emergency command centre in Tokyo, and a large number of rescue workers and some 100,000 members of the Japanese Self-Defense Force were rapidly mobilized to deal with the crisis. The seawall's height was determined by considering historical tsunami heights in the past 150 years and storm surge heights in the past 50 years (Level 1). endstream endobj 98 0 obj <> endobj 99 0 obj <> endobj 100 0 obj <>stream The 2011 Tohoku event provided the first real test of the various technologies and countermeasures that Japan has been using to protect people during tsunamis. The other measures secure multiple protection. It shuts down transport systems and nuclear power stations to … 1 Anti-Earthquake Infrastructure 1.1 Gallery 2 Anti-Tsunami Infrastructure 2.1 Sea Wall 2.1.1 Gallery 3 Moving Towns Inland 4 Abolishing nuclear power 5 Scientific research 6 Warning systems 7 External Link 8 References Japan and the areas bordering the … A part of this video was uploaded to the website of the Japanese newspaper company Yomiuri Shimbun [31]. A remarkable paradigm shift in coastal protection policies is on seawall design. This is the fourth largest earthquake in the world and the largest in Japan … In a subduction zone, one plate slides beneath another into the mantle, the hotter layer beneath the crust. ���J�*Q"��kю��@Gq�,���������Y'������zsZ��+� ����g�9�qV���o��f$}~�„܈X�f�v̘�H"t���5oo�>��O��uAE���{N����^��i ��S-���hQ��X8B�� ܷ�����4����mz��=?�P��>��x�qg���P�ὀV��]�_�2�֦ ܃e˱�|�J�����5�e����` (�� For the largest possible tsunami (Level 2), the city secures multiple facilities of coastal forest, artificial hill, raised road and evacuation sites to protect citizens' lives. In this sense, the government policy of designing coastal protection is for the 150 year tsunami level, the so-called ‘Level 1’ or ‘Prevention Level’, ensuring that coastal protection will prevent tsunamis from penetrating inland to protect lives and properties (or economic activities). Breitengrad zu desaströsen Zerstörungen von … One is to tell people that they are at risk. These hydrodynamic parameters appear capable of devastation for the coastal forests that have been planted for the past centuries. Figure 1 contrasts one hazard map for Kesennuma city, in Miyagi prefecture, with the actual extent of inundation in the 2011 tsunami. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Aoba 468-1, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan, Professor Emeritus, Tohoku University, Aoba 468-1, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan. What is the requirement that should be put into place for safer school buildings that can withstand both strong ground shaking and a devastating tsunami? In this sense, the model cannot reproduce all the aspects of tsunami inland penetration. This was critical, because those generators … Earthquake source studies indicate that the fault ruptured with a maximum slip of 60–80 m [11] over an area approximately 450 km by 200 km [12], making the pre-2011 estimates irrelevant. The southernmost area of Okushiri Island was completely devastated by the 11 m tsunami, even though the area was protected by 4.5 m seawalls. In 1941, a tsunami warning organization was founded for the Sanriku Coast. In one sense, the belief was right. Even when protected by great seawalls of 8–10 m, the government often prohibits the lower part of town to redevelop as a residential area, as the low land is reserved for commercial and industrial purposes. Three months after the 1933 event, the Council on Earthquake Disaster Prevention (CEDP) of the Ministry of Education proposed a total system of tsunami disaster mitigation that consisted of 10 countermeasures: relocation of dwelling houses to high ground, coastal dykes, tsunami control forests, seawalls, tsunami-resistant areas, buffer zones, evacuation routes, tsunami watch, tsunami evacuation, memorial events. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The most important lesson is that one should not wait for official information to act: strong ground shaking is the first alert to take action. De zeebeving nabij Sendai in 2011 was een zware zeebeving die zich voordeed op 11 maart 2011 voor de noordoostkust van het Japanse eiland Honshu.Het epicentrum van de beving, die een kracht van 9,0 - 9,1 op de momentmagnitudeschaal had, bevond zich voor de kust van de prefectuur Miyagi op circa 370 km ten noordoosten van de Japanse hoofdstad Tokio en circa 130 km ten oosten … After the strong ground shaking had stopped and the tsunami warning had been issued, the teachers and pupils gathered on school grounds to discuss where to evacuate to. Scattering residential areas will isolate people and weaken community connections, and consequently, undermine the community's sustainability with shrinking population in rural areas. Most of the coastal villages on the Sanriku Coast were devastated again. Revisiting the modern histories of Tohoku tsunami disasters and pre-2011 tsunami countermeasures, we clarified how Japan's coastal communities have prepared for tsunamis. 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